Feminism And The Fight For Same Sex Marriage - 772 Words

Feminism absolutely means different things to different people. As I have read through many different articles, posts, and readings about feminism, it has struck me how differently feminism is approached. Among many blogs and websites that I read there were two that stood out to me; the first was a blog by a woman named Cristen Conger on the website Everyday Feminism and the other was a Tumblr site that had photos of women presenting lists of why they are against feminism. In this reflection I will discuss what resonated with me, what made me uncomfortable, emotions I felt as I reviewed feminism, and my thoughts on develop trusting and respectful relationships with those who have differing ideals from mine. I am a firm believer that all people should be treated equal. Conger (2016) delineates many ways in which feminism has helped in the struggle for equity for all people. She explained feminism’s role in equality for gender and race, the fight against sexual crimes, and the fight for same sex marriage; additionally she discussed the rights of fathers, laws against revenge porn, and the tampon tax which have all been positively affected by feminism (Conger, 2016). I appreciated that she is a strong, independent woman who can take care of herself, as I feel I am. I also agreed with many of the opinions of the women who posted on Tumblr opposing feminism. There were many women who rejoiced in being a wife and mother, were grateful for the opportunity to be a stay at home mom,Show MoreRelatedGay Rights Movement Essay829 Words   |  4 PagesThe start of the Gay Rights Movement During the 1960s and 1970s lesbians began to speak up and fight for equal rights. The New York City’s Stonewall riot in June of 1969 is understood as the dawn of the gay rights movement. The 1960’s is when lesbian mothers argued in court for the right to raise children and when they joined other political movements like the civil rights movement; a movement that includes people of color, women and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer community. TheRead MoreFeminism And Its Impact On Women s Rights958 Words   |  4 Pagesthey could be. Feminism in refer to a collection of movements and opinions that share a common goal including to define, create, and achieve equal rights for women in social, economic, cultural and political dimensions (Berger, 2013). Feminist movements have fought for women’s rights including suffrage rights, right for fair wage, right to work, hold a public office, own property, education, equal rights in marriages among other rights (Ryan, 2013). 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The typicalRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement874 Words   |  4 Pagesdemonstrated the first true act of feminism, founded by a group of women rights activists to combat against women’s suffrage in the United States. By the 1960’s radical feminists also known as the woman’s liberation movement once again took up the fight for equality a mongst men and woman, yet by the late 1990’s early 2000’s it had begun to change, losing its primary focus of fighting for a woman’s right, and becoming a burden on women today. The blowback from feminism has left todays women to sufferRead MoreWomen s Equality For Women1407 Words   |  6 Pagesthey were women. Overtime feminism has expanded and diversified in many different aspects including approach and priorities. The changes in them are result of many different social economic groups of women because of the various goals set for methods of creating change, which are implemented within the movement. The feminist movement has been trying to give equal rights to women who have been destitute of their equality and privileges that man have never given them. Feminism is beneficial to men, women

Music in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Essay

Music in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Legend: Terror! many people wouldnt even know what a legend is let alone what this phrase means. In the play The glass Menagerie written by Tennessee Williams, legends which are short phrases or words, and images are projected on a special screen device that is specified for this certain play. This play has four main characters including Amanda, Tom, Laura and Jim who is also known as the gentlemen caller. The play is a memory play and includes a vast variety of visual and musical effects to create the feeling of memory as well as many other emotions and atmospheres. Even though some critics believe that the visual and musical effects used in The Glass Menagerie are†¦show more content†¦The stage directions become quite poetic when Williams describes the set that flower as warty growths in overcrowded urban centres. Some of the set that is described is very precise such as the hanging picture of a very handsome young man in a doughboys First World War cap, it goes on to say He is gallantly smiling as if to say, I will be smiling forever. This gives detailed information on how the director should have the person in the picture smiling. This is the picture of Tom and Lauras father. The cap also suggests the historical context because if their father has a cap from the First World War, it cant have been that long since the First World War took place. As the play is a memory play the lighting is usually quite dim to give an atmosphere. However in certain parts of the play the lighting becomes focused on certain characters. A clear example of this is during scene three, where Tom and Amanda are quarrelling about Toms job. Even though Laura does not say anything, some would argue that she is the most important character in the scene. This is due to the clear pool of light on her figure, she is also has clenched hands and a panicky expression. She is obviously worried about the argument between her mother and her brother. The white light could suggest her innocence, virginity or her pureness but many would say it suggests all these things and she resembles a holy angel. Amanda buys a rose coloured lamp to go inShow MoreRelatedThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1055 Words   |  5 PagesDrama Oral: The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Good morning everyone, today I will be talking about â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† by Tennessee Williams. Context/ author biography Tennessee Williams was born in Columbus, Mississippi, in 1911. His birth name was Thomas Lanier Williams III. He got the nickname Tennessee in college due to his classmates calling him that because of his Southern accent and his father’s home state. Characters: Amanda Wingfield - Laura and Tom’s mother. 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When a play employs unconventional techniques, it is not trying to escape its responsibility of dealing with reality, or interpreting experience, but is actually attempting to find a closer approach, a more penetrating and vivid expression of thingsRead More Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesTennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie If The Glass Menagerie were performed without the effects Williams wrote into the script, then the play would barely have a plot. Williams use of music, lighting and a television screen add depth and meaning to the play. He uses effects to portray the feelings of the characters, rather than their words or actions. In Toms opening speech he states thatThe play is memory. Because it is about his memories of his mother and her memories. TheyRead More Comparing The Glass Menagerie and the Life of Tennessee Willliams2909 Words   |  12 PagesParallels in The Glass Menagerie and the Life of Tennessee Willliams In Tennessee Williamss drama The Glass Menagerie the setting and dramatization in the play are used to convey each member of the familys hopes, desperations, and fears. He uses symbols throughout the story to add a deeper meaning and give his characters a sense of mystery. Also, though maybe inadvertently, The Glass Menagerie actually parallels the people and events in Tennessee Willliamss life. The setting inRead More Essay on Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie1171 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in The Glass Menagerie Symbolism plays an integral part in Williams’s play, The Glass Menagerie. Examples of the use of symbolism include the fire escape, as an escape from the family, the phonograph, as an escape from reality, the unicorn, as a symbol for Lauras uniqueness and the father’s photograph, representing something different to each character. Through regonition of these symbols, a greater understanding of the play’s theme is achieved. Throughout the play, Tom WingfieldRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams986 Words   |  4 PagesTennessee Williams’s The Glass Menagerie, is a classic drama about a young man who is tired of his dull and boring existence. Tom, the main character, struggles to deal with his family, who is apparently holding him back in life. With the use of powerful writing techniques, Williams is able to captivate his audience and create a play that has stood the test of time. An excellent writing technique employed by Williams that contributes to The Glass Menagerie’s success is his use of plot. ThroughoutRead MoreAn Analysis Of Laura In The Glass Menagerie1579 Words   |  7 PagesImpossible Freedom: An analysis of Laura in The Glass Menagerie The French actor and enthusiast, Vincent Cassel, pronounced â€Å"You can’t escape from what you are†. No matter how much a person dislikes who they are, they will never be able to escape their body and their mind. People can attempt to forget who they are and what their life is like, but in the end, they will always be stuck in their current situation. Similarly, Laura, in The Glass Menagerie, deals with her self consciousness issues fromRead MoreEscape from Reality in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams680 Words   |  3 PagesEscape from Reality in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams The Characters Escape From Reality in The Glass Menagerie The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams centers around a dream of escape. Although everyone wants to escape from a different reality, they all feel that need to get away. The father is the most successful in his escape because he never has to deal with anything at home. He actually leaves and doesnt look back. As for the other four: Laura, Amanda, Tom, and Jim, they seemRead MoreFacing Reality in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams was a confusing, astounding, and wonderful play that takes an in depth look at the complex relationships that develop between members of a family and then presents them for the audiences dissection. How did the characters in the play interact? What were the independent and dependent relationships between the characters? Perhaps most important, how did they cope with one another? That seemed to be the key question whe n looking at The Glass Menagerie. Each

Manchurian Candidate †Film Theory Paper Free Essays

string(67) " on the small little television screen at the corner of the frame\." The Manchurian Candidate, adapted from Richard Condon’s novel of the same title, was released in 1962, and directed by John Frankenheimer. Brief Plot Summary The central concept of the film is that the son of a prominent, right-wing political family has been brainwashed as an unwitting assassin for an international Communist conspiracy Thesis Statement The Manchurian Candidate was noted for its breakthrough in cinematography, as the scenes were shot in a creative manner that was new and different in that era. It also made use of different editing techniques to seamlessly piece the story together, along with the use of certain recurring Motifs to effectively deliver the story to the audience. We will write a custom essay sample on Manchurian Candidate – Film Theory Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper would examine how the groundbreaking use of cinematography, editing help to bring across the theme of surrealism, and delivers a thrilling effect while the motifs help bridge the Theme of The Manchurian Candidate with the use of visual elements. Cinematography The Manchurian Candidate made use of several different brilliant cinematography aspects to bring forward the theme of surrealism and thrill to the audience. According to the Dictionary, the term â€Å"surrealism† refers to â€Å"an avant-garde movement in art and literature that sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, characterized by the evocative juxtaposition of incongruous images in order to include unconscious and dream elements. † This theme was highlighted in several scenes in the film. Particularly in a scene where Major Marco was having a nightmare, the camera tracked from the end of Marco’s bedroom towards Marco, who was lying on the bed sleeping. The tracking shot ended with a close up of Marco’s face, with his brows furrowed as he began to experience his recurring nightmare. The close up shot of Marco’s troubled face was then superimposed onto his nightmare shot. From the tracking to close up shot, it creates a sense of mystery and suspense, which intrigues the audience and builds up the anticipation. After which it would lead up to the film’s most noted scene- the Ladies in Garden Club scene. In this scene, the director made use of a 360 degrees panning shot to showcase three different points of view- the â€Å"Reality†, the â€Å"brainwashed white man’s imagination† and the â€Å"brainwashed black man’s imagination†. These three different points of view in a dream add up to one big surrealistic nightmare scene. It is also important to note that this scene was considered to be â€Å"notorious† (Chung, 2006, p. 129) during that era, for its unconventional use of camera work. During and after the 1950s, there is an â€Å"increase in the number of dark, provocative and original films. (Mann, 2008, p. 12) and The Manchurian Candidate was one of them. It was â€Å"stylistically ambitious† (Mann, 2008, p. 12) and can be considered a breakthrough in cinematography during that era. This scene alone had to be shot 3 different times, as each individual point of view comprised of different elements and actors. The platoon was capture d and brainwashed into thinking they were attending a ladies horticulture club meeting, when in fact they were present and sitting in a Communist meeting. The camera then does a 360 degrees slow panning shot from the lady speaking, Mrs. Whittaker, to everyone present in the scene, listening to the talk. However, as the camera makes a full round and returns to the start, gone was Mrs. Whittaker, and in her place stood an East Asian doctor giving the Russian and Chinese generals a speech about the brainwashed American soldiers. This panning shot builds up suspense, as the camera slowly pans around the venue, showing that there were only ladies present. It delivered a shock to the audience, who expected to see Mrs. Whittaker after the camera makes a full round, to find out that the lady was gone and replaced by a man instead. This slow panning movement also gave the scene a dream-like quality, which is a characteristic often associated with the theme of surrealism. The scene with the doctor and Communist generals reflected the â€Å"reality† of which the soldiers are unaware of, as they were brainwashed. The camera used a low-angle shot to reveal the amphitheatre filled with Communists. It was positioned behind the soldiers, as if they were looking up to those seated. This is to show that the American soldiers caught were at the mercy of those Generals present, to show authority from those seated above and around the amphitheatre. Even though they are under the mercy of the Communists, the soldiers showed no sign of fear as they were brainwashed into thinking they were facing a group of women instead. Hence the use of camera angle here provides a sort of contradiction to reality, it showed Communist authority even though the soldiers displayed no fear. Another groundbreaking use of cinematography can be found in the scene where Johnny Iselin was confronting the Secretary about the â€Å"number of Communists in the Defense department† with Eleanor Iselin manipulating her husband. In this scene, the Secretary was giving a press conference and Johnny Iselin stood up, and demanded to know why are there communists present in the Defense department. The scene was constructed such that the Secretary was at one end of the room, while Johnny was the other end. Yet they were able to appear in one frame, with the use of juxtaposition. As the press conference was broadcasted live, the confrontation between both parties were filmed and showed on television screen. Whenever the Secretary is in frame, Johnny Iselin would appear on the screen of a small television at the corner of the frame, thus making both parties visible onscreen even though technically, they are at different ends of the room. This use of framing and juxtapose imagery echo them theme of â€Å"surrealism†. Surrealism often uses incongruous juxtapositions to highlight conflicts (Strom, 2003). In one particular scene, the mastermind of this confrontation, Eleanor Iselin, appeared in the foreground, with Johnny in the background, and the Secretary reacting angrily on the small little television screen at the corner of the frame. You read "Manchurian Candidate – Film Theory Paper" in category "Papers" Every action was combined in one frame capturing the whole shot, filled with conflict and movement. This framing brought the tension of the film up a few notches and audiences were able to feel the impending explosion of anger between the characters. The unconventional use of cinematography aspects in this film successfully brings forward the theme of Surrealism, with its â€Å"unusual framings and camera movements† (Strom, 2003, p. 8), which are styles indebted to Surrealism. Editing The different use of editing was also one of the most noted aspects of The Manchurian Candidate. According to Carroll (2003), â€Å"editing, or montage, was generally celebrated as the most important, essential characteristic of cinema† (p. 153). Hence the right choice of editing technique would set the pace and coherency of the film. This would bring us to the editing pace of the film- the long takes versus the accelerated montage. The scene that showcased a long take, happened when in Major Marco’s train ride from Washington to New York. Marco was feeling jittery and nervous, thus he decided to leave his train seat and go to the back of the train for some fresh air. He arrived at the last carriage, and stood with his back leaning against the wall. A woman followed Marco and entered the same carriage. She had observed Marco from before, and decided to follow him into the back. Marco and the woman began to strike up a conversation, with random small talks that made no sense. This whole scene involved no cuts at all, all shot at one go and thus showcasing the aspect of a â€Å"long take†. The long take builds on the tension between the meeting of two strangers, showing the entire conversation between Marco and the woman, despite it being nonsensical and weird. The audience took in the scene at one go, after which it leaves them wondering â€Å"what lies underneath this exchange of words between the Major and this woman? † The long take establishes a fact that this scene is important, as it â€Å"intensifies† a shot (Goldberg, n. d), contradictory to the fact that the content of the scene is random and consist of small talks only. As opposed to a long take, which consists of virtually no cuts, an accelerated montage consists of shots with increasingly shorter lengths. With regards to The Manchurian Candidate, the accelerated montage editing aspect occurs during the â€Å"Convention† scene, where Raymond Shaw was sent on a mission to assassinate the President. In this particular scene, Sergeant Raymond Shaw was instructed by his mother to shoot the newly elected President at the Madison Square Garden, with Major Marco scrambling to stop Shaw from accomplishing his mission. The establishing shot of Madison Square Garden showed Raymond walking through rows and rows of empty tiered seats, arriving at a small room high above the arena. He positioned his rifle as he prepares for his mission to assassinate the elected President while he was giving his speech. As crowds filled the arena, Major Marco struggles to locate Shaw in hopes of stopping him. The whole sequence was edited with the cross-cutting technique. Through cross-cutting, it helps to create tension and delivers the sense of thrill when the audience sees Shaw preparing to fire his rifle, as Marco runs frantically to stop him. From the first few shots of Shaw preparing his rifle and locating his target to Marco searching frantically for Shaw, was edited with shots and cuts that got shorter and shorter. It adopted the technique of Accelerated Montage, which serves to create tension and keep the audience at the edge of their seats. As this is the climax of the film, by using cross-cutting and accelerated montage, the film manages to capture the audience’s attention and builds a highly thrilling and exciting sequence. Motifs The Manchurian Candidate makes use of several motifs in this film to drive home its message and to develop its theme. One of the most glaring motifs used in this film would be the Red Queen, or the Queen of Diamonds. The Queen of Diamonds card had appeared several times in the film, particularly during scenes that involved Raymond Shaw being brainwashed. In this film, the Communists had conditioned Shaw’s brain into receiving commands and fulfilling them like a robot would. However, this brainwash condition can only be activated when Shaw hears the line â€Å"Why don’t you pass the time by playing a little game of solitaire? † After which, Shaw would proceed to take out a stack of cards robotically and began playing. As he plays the game, he would eventually draw out the Queen of Diamonds card, and upon seeing the card it would fully activate Shaw’s brainwashed condition. At first glance, it may seem that the Queen of Diamonds motif is played out to trigger Shaw’s mental condition. However, as the film progresses, the intent of using the Queen of Diamonds began to clear up- that the Queen of Diamonds was linked to Shaw’s mother, Eleanor Iselin and later in the film, his soon-to-be wife, Jocie (Blakesly, 2007). According to Blakesly (2007), the Queen of Diamonds card represented â€Å"an adamant woman, his mother, someone Raymond would rather not see†. During the first few scenes, Shaw admitted that he â€Å"despised and loathed his mother†. It was eventually revealed that Shaw’s mother was also part of the Communist conspiracy, and a woman hungry for political power. Hence, the card that would trigger Shaw’s mental condition was picked out to be the Queen of Diamonds, which signifies his mother and hinted that his mother had a connection with the Communists. As mentioned above, the Queen of Diamonds is also known as the Red Queen. In this case, it represented Communism as this film was shot and based on the Cold War, which was ongoing during that time. Blakesly’s analysis surmises that: Another triggering device for Raymond’s conditioning is when he looks upon the Queen of Diamonds, the Red Queen, with the concomitant relationship of â€Å"red† to the â€Å"Red scare†, the communism from which the left in North America, with rare exceptions, still recoils. (p. 218) Besides being a figure representation of Shaw’s mother, the Queen of Diamonds also took on the representation of Communism. Hence it would make sense to why Shaw would fall into a state of â€Å"brainwashed condition† upon seeing the Queen of Diamonds card- he was being controlled by the Communists, with the card serving as a reminder that Communism took over his mind. Other than the Queen of Diamonds motif, the film also adopted Abraham Lincoln as a motif. The use of Abraham Lincoln ranges from obvious pictures of Lincoln himself, hanging in the Iselin house to a more subtle form, where Johnny Iselin dresses up at Abraham Lincoln in a masquerade party. The Iselins were from the Right-Wing, or Republican party. The use of Lincoln signifies the stand that the Iselins take within political context and also to serve as a kind of contradiction between right and wrong. Abraham Lincoln was a prominent leader of the Republican Party. According to Redding (2008), the film was â€Å"mediating symbolically on the political heritage of Lincoln’s republic among a corrupted public sphere†. Lincoln was used a symbol to represent America, and the director’s portrayal of the Iselins served as a satire of the America politics during that time. Johnny Iselin, the Senator, was portrayed as a drunk, impulsive and rash person. He often confronted the government with issues concerning the communist, when in fact; he is also part of the communist conspiracy to take over the American government. This is a parody of â€Å"McCarthy†, who was a rash and impulsive Senator from the Republican Party. During the time he acted as a Senator, he often appeared drunk and caused a lot of controversy. Thus the portrayal of Johnny Iselin based on McCarthy, and the images of Lincoln all served to fuel the director’s satire on the political situation. During the masquerade party scene, Johnny Iselin dressed up as Abraham Lincoln, a contradiction as he is working with the communists whereas Lincoln was regarded as a righteous politician in the past. To further highlight the contradiction, Johnny’s wife, Eleanor Iselin dressed up as Bo Peep, a character which symbolizes innocence and naivety. However, as mentioned previously, Eleanor was anything but innocent. She worked hand in hand with the communists in order to gain political foothold. Thus, this portrayal also serves to show a contradiction between right and wrong, righteous and evil. Portraits of Abraham Lincoln decorated the Iselin house, and in a particular scene, where Eleanor was confronting Raymond about his love interest with the daughter of a Senator from an opposition party, Lincoln was â€Å"staring† down at the confrontation. This is yet another example of contradiction between right and wrong, the mother being an evil influence was threatening Raymond to give up his love and Lincoln’s portrait in the background serves to remind us light will prevail, as the portrait was hung above of Eleanor as she speaks. The different motifs of this film helped shaped the entire plot and provided audience with clues; when they see the Queen of Diamonds they immediately would know that Raymond Shaw would be brainwashed. It also helped to bridge certain morals or theme of the story with visual elements, like the battle of right and evil was shown through the portayal of the Iselins versus Abraham Lincoln iconography. Conclusion This paper discussed how use of cinematography, editing helped bring across the theme of surrealism, and delivered a thrilling effect while the motifs helped bridge the Theme of The Manchurian Candidate with the use of visual elements. In conclusion, The Manchurian Candidate made use of highly unconventional cinematography and editing aspects that successfully showcased the theme of â€Å"surrealism† and effectively created tension and thrill, for the audience. Not forgetting the effective use of motifs, which helped developed the main theme with the use of visual elements and provoked thought from the audience as they watch the film, while trying to piece the puzzles together. Bibliography * Blakesly, David (2007) The Terministic Screen: Rhetorical Perspectives on Film. Illinois: SIU Press * Carroll, Noel (2003) Engaging the Moving Image. USA: Yale University Press * Chung, H. S. (2006) Hollywood Asian: Philip Ahn and the Politics of Cross-Ethnic Performance. USA: Temple University Press * Goldberg, * Mann, Denise (2008) Hollywood Independents: The Postwar Talent Takeover. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press * Redding, A. F. (2008) Turncoats, traitors, and fellow travelers: culture and politics of the early Cold War. USA: University Press of Mississippi * Strom, Kristen (2003) Resurrecting the Stylite Simon: Bunuel’s Surrealist Film. P. 8 How to cite Manchurian Candidate – Film Theory Paper, Papers

A fire in a crowded theatre Anna Deavere Smith relives the Los Angeles riots. Essay Example For Students

A fire in a crowded theatre: Anna Deavere Smith relives the Los Angeles riots. Essay Interviewing Anna Deavere Smith is intimidating. The 42-year-old African-American playwright and actor faces a journalists taperecorder armed with a casual confidence learned from conducting literally hundreds of interviews. No doubt shes heard and asked every conceivable question. Aristocratic in posture, a relatively tall 59, with a Medusa head of curls, Smith also has the grace under pressure of a veteran war correspondent exactly what she is. But the wars Anna Deavere Smith covers are never overseas. Her wars are as Americans as Watts. Since 1983, Smith has been taping conversations with primarily ordinary people for an epic performance series titled On the Road: A Search for American Character. Onstage, she recites verbatim excerpts from these interviews while transforming herself into the speaker. Last year, this monologue series received international acclaim when a segment, Fires in the Mirror, premiered at the Joseph Papp Public Theater. Based on the August 1991 clash between blacks and Jews in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, Fires in the Mirror earned a special Obie citation and the Lucille Lortel Award, then finished runner-up in Pulitzer Prize balloting to Tony Kushners celebrated Angels in America. The media anointed Smith the public spokesman on American race relations. Magazines and television talk shows clamor for her. PBS put Fires on American Playhouse in April, under the direction of George C. Wolfe. But Smith has been unavailable to the majority of interview requests because her current project is far more challenging than any work shes ever attempted. Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992, running through July 18 at the Mark Taper Forum, s a result of more than 175 interviews and months of research into the citys 1992 riots. Driving from a Watts district that resembles Beirut to Hollywood soundstages where the riots are being dramatized, past burnt-out Korean mini-malls and to the Simi Valley courthouse where it all ignited, Smith spoke with anyone who might offer some coherence to the chaos. She interviewed Mayor Tom Bradley and former police chief Dary 1 F. Gates, Anjelica Huston and Rodney Kings Aunt Angela, gang members and cops, ministers and administrators, artists and graffiti taggers, lawyers and clients, surgeons and thugs. The Taper staff, anticipating controversy and eager to explore their personal experiences of the riots, reorganized their development process to support the ambitious world premiere. Smith received a car, cellular phone and driver, translators and transcribers, Hispanic and Asian-American dramaturgs, video technicians, as well as focus group discussions with southern Californias ethnic minorities. Emily Mann, whose Execution of Justice resembled Smiths docudramas, was hired to direct, and Oskar Eustis, who commissioned both Execution and Angels in America, was drafted to oversee the process. Stanford University, where Smith has taught drama since 1990, recognized the significance of this project and granted her leave. After all, she teaches a course called Breaking Down Barriers: Beyond Stereotypes of Race and Gender, which could serve as subtitle for Twilight (But Smiths academic style is just as unorthodox as her theatrical work: Her students performed an Arsenio Hall Show and staged the Oprah Winfrey interview with Michael Jackson.) Despite such support, Twilight is an epic challenge, shifting with each news headline, suspended between the sentencing of two police officers in the King civil rights case and the trial of black suspects in the beating of truck driver Reginald Denny. Literally living theatre that speaks with an unprecedented immediacy, it resembles South Africas Theatre of Testimony, which emerged from the Township tradition of acting out a communitys stories. It is also reminiscent of Caryl Churchills joint Stock Company in England. Smith stands alone onstage, reciting monologues about the riots to audiences who experienced the riots-and who live in fear and dread of another uprising. The tensions, resentments and violence that crossed lines of gender, race and class get mirrored in one woman. But in presenting the politics of race, Smith is careful to avoid dogma. Her goal is to create an urban Rashomon that promotes discussion without media interference. Although a series of monologues, Twilight is also a dialogue with the other-the audience. And so, while interviewing Smith, one remains aware of her receptive personality. She watches you watching her. She listens to you listen. just as she does onstage, she absorbs the sensibility and the rhythms of your questions. Chameleonlike, she subtly impersonates your style, your idiosyncratic physical mannerisms, and ultimately seems to tap into your mind exactly the way shes tapped into the collective mind of wartorn Los Angeles. STAYTON: The first preview of Fires in the Mirror at the Pubhc was canceled because the Los Angeles riots seemed on the verge of spreading to Manhattan. Shortly after ft opened, Gordon Davidson invited you to create an original work for the Mark Taper Forum. You immediately proposed a piece on the so-called uprising. Why back-to-back pieces on race riots? Mary Shelley EssayRap artist Sister Souljah wouldnt  talk to you, saying, Thats the sister  who wants to take my words.  Jim Brown, the former professional  football player, also was reluctant. He said no. But then I heard he was having a meeting at his house for the national anti-gang organization, Amer-I-Can, and I went there. Jim Brown walked in and asked, What are you frowning about? And I knew he would give me an interview. But while there I met an equally interesting man by the name of Twilight. Hes changed the way I think. Hes probably 24 and has been responsible for the truce . I marvel at how at peace he seems to be in a world full of violence, South Central L.A. Hes really the guardian of his group and definitely watches out for everybody. Did his name inspire the title? In part. A lot of the unrest happened at twilight. Twilight is a limbo time when you cant tell if its light or dark. It can mean the time just before sunrise or just after sunset. Twilight is the first time youre  using video imagery. Because media was almost like a character during the riots. People relied on the media for information. Those who couldnt get any other help used the media as a vehicle for communication. But its tricky to find a balance between the video and the spoken word, because the spoken word is not spectacle. Even though Im a writer, Im more interested in the spoken part of what I do. All the written part comes as an afterthought. The only reason Im making a script is so that Emily Mann can do her work. Im sure this process has some of its roots in African-American history, the black tradition of oral history. But the notion of speech influencing the body really came from my classical training in acting school, which is probably what informs my work more than anything. I trained at ACT under Bill Ball, learning a technique he called Heroics. We worked with a voice teacher and a movement teacher at the same time. Ive used that as the basis of the way I listen to people and the way I work with myself. I treat normal talk like its classical text. What do you call your kind of  theatre? I call myself a lot of different things. I say its docudrama. I say its performance art, because people have called it that. I call myself a repeater. A re-iterator, rather than i mimic or an impersonator. Of course, its story theatre. The people I select to perform are always great story-tellers. As a playwright, what do you listen  for during an interview? Im mostly interested in when people fail to say something, like when they maybe say the wrong word or get caught in stutters, because I think character really exists in the struggle to say something. In my more hopeful days I think that American character moves in the struggle to negotiate difference, not in the few moments of success that weve had in trying to figure it out. When somebody talks, they may say wonderful things, but if I were to dwell on those Id end up with 30-second sound bites. Im more interested in their pursuit for the perfect sound bite. When language just doesnt work, when it fails, when it falls apart, it usually ends up being a moment or a time, once I try to re-enact it, that brings me closer to what I would think of as the feeling of that person. Then I really begin to feel that its not me, that theres somebody else in there. Thats when you begin to wear  words, as you put it. How did  you first arrive at this process? It all started from watching the Tonight Show in 1979 when Sophia Loren defied the whole language and structure of the show. Nobody laughed. The band stopped playing. And then she was followed by Joan Rivers, who knows the rhythm like nobody else, and she not only reinstated the rhythm, she worked the whole audience into a kind of hysteria. So I thought: This show is about America. I didnt know why. I was very interested in how Lorens presence emerged by her resistance to participate in our language. And then I started watching interview shows on television, looking for these places where the rhythm of the show would fail, or when a persons language would fail. Originally, I was just like paparazzi, like a crazy person, watching interview shows and tape recording them and sitting up all night transcribing them. And then I decided that ordinary people offered more interesting interviews than celebrities. What did you hope to achieve?

The Impact of the Fruits of the Spirit on Psychotherapy

Visas de turista para niños para Estados Unidos

Visas de turista para nià ±os para Estados Unidos La visa B2 es el documento que deben sacar los nià ±os y adolescentes extranjeros que desean ingresar a Estados Unidos como turistas. La excepcià ³n son los infantes con un pasaporte de un paà ­s incluido en el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas o tienen pasaporte canadiense. Existe otra opcià ³n a las visas de turista B2 si se trata de menores que residen en la zona mexicana que hace frontera con Estados Unidos, pues en este caso tambià ©n se puede ingresar con una visa que se conoce por el nombre de tarjeta de cruce o visa lser, si bien tiene ms restricciones que la visa B2. En este artà ­culo se resuelven ls dudas frecuentes que tienen los padres cuando desean solicitar este tipo de visas para sus hijos. Tips para sacar la visa de turista para menores A continuacià ³n se detallan las respuestas a las preguntas ms frecuentes sobre visas para nià ±os. Para viajar a Estados Unidos, todos los nià ±os y adolescentes necesitan su propia visa, incluidos los bebà ©s. Por lo tanto, debe solicitarse con la debida antelacià ³n. Se recomienda no comprar boletos ni hacer reservas de hoteles antes de tener la visa aprobada. En algunos paà ­ses se admiten casos de nià ±os incluidos en el pasaporte de uno de los padres. En este caso, se necesitan visa del infante y otra para ese progenitor, que sern estampadas en un à ºnico pasaporte. En este caso, el nià ±o debe viajar con el padre o la madre titular de ese pasaporte compartido. Pero no lo ms frecuente es que cada nià ±o tenga su propio pasaporte, donde se colocar su visa. La visa para un nià ±o se solicita de la misma manera que para un adulto, llenando el formulario electrà ³nico que se conoce como DS-160. El primer paso es seleccionar el lugar donde se solicitar la visa. Esto hace que se sigan las instrucciones no sà ³lo generales, sino tambià ©n las particulares que requiere ese consulado o embajada.  Por ejemplo, en algunos paà ­ses se requiere que se proporcione informacià ³n sobre todos los pasaportes que han tenido los padres y copia de la visa americana actual, si la tuvieran. Todos los nià ±os pagan cuota por aplicar, la cual no se recupera si la visa no es aprobada. En la actualidad, la tarifa es de $160. Como regla general, los nià ±os de 14 aà ±os o ms deben acudir en persona a la entrevista y tambià ©n se le tomarn datos biomà ©tricos como fotos y huellas digitales. Pero en este punto es muy importante seguir las especificaciones de cada consulado, porque pueden variar. Y es que, a pesar de esa regla general, existen importantes excepciones dependiendo del consulado. Es frecuente que en paà ­ses latinoamericanos nià ±os de edades menores deban presentarse a la entrevista en el consulado o Embajada y a los centros de servicio, conocidos en muchos paà ­ses como ASC para el trmite de los datos biomà ©tricos (no todos los paà ­ses tienen centros de servicios). Sin embargo ,muy raramente se tomar las huellas a menores de 14 aà ±os. La regla a aplicar van a depender de si ambos padres, uno o ninguno tiene una visa americana de turista vlida, de la edad del menor y del consulado. Seguir las instrucciones al llenar el formulario para no equivocarse. En todo caso, tener presente que para un caso concreto el oficial consular puede siempre pedir ver al menor.   La regla general es que los nià ±os menores de 16 aà ±os deben estar acompaà ±ados en la entrevista por ambos padres. Si los nià ±os no tienen que presentarse, ambos padres deben ir igual a dicha entrevista.   Si ambos padres no pueden estar presentes el que sà ­ acude a la entrevista deber: demostrar que tiene la custodia sobre el menor en exclusividad, como ciertas à ³rdenes judiciales o nià ±os de madre soltera, o certificado de viudedad. No es suficiente para no acudir ambos progenitores que està ©n separados o divorciados y se lleven mal.mostrar una carta sellada por notario en el que el padre que no acude a la entrevista alega una buena razà ³n y permite al otro progenitor solicitar la visa americana para el hijo. En la entrevista los padres deben mostrar el pasaporte de menor y una copia original de la partida o certificado de nacimiento. Adems, debern llevar sus propios pasaportes vlidos o expirados que contengan visas americanas y, si no tienen pasaporte, un documento que los identifique, como cà ©dula o carnet de identidad.   La visa se denegar, entre otras cosas, si los padres no pueden demostrar lazos econà ³micos y familiares suficientes en el paà ­s en el que residen habitualmente. Esa es la razà ³n ms comà ºn de rechazo de la solicitud de visa de turista, si bien no es la à ºnica. En todo caso, si ambos padres tienen ya la visa de turista, han ingresado y salido del paà ­s a tiempo y nunca han tenido problemas es bastante probable que se apruebe la visa al nià ±o. Aunque en muchos casos -pero no en todos- es posible solicitar una visa de turista en un paà ­s distinto al de residencia, no es una situacià ³n que se aconseje porque puede dar lugar a problemas. Si un nià ±o que reside fuera de los Estados Unidos resulta que nacià ³ en ese paà ­s, no puede aplicar por una visa de turista porque es ciudadano americano. Lo que tiene que hacer es tener el pasaporte vlido para ingresar a su propio paà ­s, aunque tenga tambià ©n la nacionalidad del paà ­s en el que vive. Si un nià ±o nacido fuera de Estados Unidos tiene al menos uno de los padres que es estadounidense debe verificarse si tiene derecho a la ciudadanà ­a americana por derecho de sangre. Las reglas son distintas segà ºn se trate del padre o la madre y de su estado civil.   Finalmente, a la hora de sacar un nià ±o de su paà ­s para ingresar a otro hay que seguir reglas si el infante no viaje con los dos padres. Por ejemplo, Mà ©xico pide que se llene un formulario, mientras que Estados Unidos, no. Es muy importante evitar situaciones confusas que pueden dar lugar a que se califique un viaje a otro paà ­s como secuestro internacional de nià ±os. Test de respuestas mà ºltiples Para conocer quà © es importante para sacar la visa de turista para un infante o para un adulto y quà © comportamientos se deben evitar para conservarla y evitar su cancelacià ³n se recomienda tomar este test de respuestas mà ºltiples, cuyas respuestas correctas y explicadas son muy ilustrativas. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

FAMILY CHILDREN NURSING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

FAMILY CHILDREN NURSING - Essay Example Introduction Case Study Serena, a young girl of 20 months old is brought by her parents to the emergency department of their local hospital at around 0200 hours. An assessment conducted on her reveals the following: 2/7 history of sore throat Fevers Profuse nasal discharge The girls developed barking cough in the evening and Experienced difficulty in breathing. The Clinical Problem Initially in the 20th century, croup like illness were often confused with diphtheria but today croup is a term used to refer to several respiratory illnesses that vary in inspiratory stridor, barking cough, and hoarseness that result from obstruction in the larynx regions. Classification and Epidemiological Features Historically, croup illnesses have changed over time, but with imprecise classifications. Laryngotracheobronchitis is a term used to describe a spasmodic croup or laryngotrachetitis. The common classes of croup are; spasmodic croup, acute laryngotracheitis, LTB and LTBP and Laryngeal Diphtheri a. Croup is an illness that attacks infants and children less than 6 years in age but rampant incidences occur between 7 to 36 months. Boys are more prone to its attacks than girls at a rate of 1.5 times. It has a biennial midautmn peak and annual summer trough (Cherry 2008. P.384). Croup Host factors Parainfluenza virus infections, especially type 3 is common in infants as well as young children. Despite this, croup develops only in a small percentage of children exposed. Reoccurrence of croup in children is linked to allergy. Spasmodic croup is triggered by parainfluenza virus type 1 and 2. Levels of Assessment for Severity Croup The levels of assessment of severity croup are mild, moderate, severe and impending respiratory failure. The mild level is characterized by occasional barking cough. At a rest position, the infant has no audible stridor. Retractions of the skin of the chest wall could be mild. At a moderate level, barking cough becomes frequent with easily audible stridor when the child is resting. Suprasternal and sternal retractions with no agitations are noticed. In the severe stage, barking cough remains frequent; inspiratory becomes prominent with occasional expiratory stridor. The expiratory stridor is marked with sterna retractions, agitations and distress. At impending respiratory failure level, the barking cough fails to be prominent with hard to hear audible stridor when the child is at rest. The sterna retractions cannot be recognised as the child experiences lethargy. In the absence of supplemental oxygen, the infant appears dusky (Scally & Donaldson 1998 p. 67 D). Strategies and Evidence Evaluation Croup illnesses differ in severity and treatment and therefore require differential diagnosis (Cherry 2008.p388). Other acute obstructive illnesses in the larynx region must be diagnosed. These include epiglottitis, foreign body, and angioneurotic edema of the epiglottis. Epiglottitis is signified by lack of a croupy cough, sitting position o f the child, a pushed forward chin and reluctance in lying down. Apprehension and anxiety in the child is spotted rather than inspiratory difficulties. Foreign body and angioneurotic edema cause obstruction in the upper airway. These occur suddenly without fever and infection signs. Lower airway signs like crackles, air trapping, wheezing

Why we should send a Manned Mission to Mars Essay

Why we should send a Manned Mission to Mars - Essay Example The researcher states that President Barack Obama has told NASA scientists to broaden their horizons and look to send humans to Mars. He thinks that a likely time scale for this is the mid-2030s. The President is looking to decrease missions to Mars in the hope of reaching a planet that could prove vital for our future. The focus is now on exploring new planets and not revisiting the same places that we as humans have already conquered. I concur with this assessment because it has now been over 40 years since the first moon landing was achieved but nothing has really happened since. The 1960s was a great decade for space travel but this has never really been built upon. Manned missions to Mars can recreate the achievements of that decade and even surpass them. However, if manned missions are to be achieved, then there will be many environmental, political, and ethical challenges to face first. If astronauts were able to make it to Mars, then they would need supplies from Earth every once and awhile in order to sustain themselves. The reason why I think that it makes sense that humans next try to conquer Mars is that Mars have plenty of water to maintain life. Even though Mars would have a sufficient quantity of water, it would still be difficult to live there. The temperatures can fall below freezing in some places, and the atmosphere is typically made up of carbon dioxide, which means that extra oxygen would need to be supplied.

Spiritual Needs Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spiritual Needs Questions - Essay Example With the information collected from the investigation, policies and guidelines should also be formulated to help in the implementation of care that is sensitive to these needs. From the above findings, it is clear that there are major spiritual beliefs and inclinations that patients hold that affect the health management of the patients in hospital settings. The above assessment indicates that the reasons that are given by the patients may not make medical sense but remain patients’ rights in the holistic management of the patients. The assessment tool included the religious affiliation to identify the varied nature of religious beliefs that are held owing to differences in the beliefs of Muslims, Christians, Indians and other religions. Equally, different denominations within the same religions also have different beliefs like Protestants and Catholics in Christians. The other questions in the assessment tool were aimed at assessing the knowledge and attitude of the patients to their own beliefs. From the above assessment, the patient appeared to have a good grip of the requirements that her belief system require. The attitude of the patients is that she has a predisposition and liking for these beliefs. In turn, these cause the patients attitude to be negative towards many health practices. The tool also included a question that was aimed at assessing the attitude of the health practitioner towards the spiritual dispositions of the patients. Evidently, most health practitioners are not concerned with the spiritual beliefs of the patients and how they affect their recovery. It is evident that there were no questions allowing the validation of the information given by the patient. The reason is that the tool of assessment did not have a prelude of the religion and the denomination of the patient. As such, all the information obtained is given on the assumption of truth telling on the part of the patient and that the patient adequately knows the

Multi- Level Car Park System Project

Multi- Level Car Park System Project Career Episode 1 CE 1.1 INTRODUCTION During my engineering degree, I worked on a project called Multi- Level Car Park System in my 6th semester. So, my first career episode describes that project. I did my Bachelors Degree in Electronics Communication from Surya School of Engineering Technology affiliated to Punjab Technical University. I completed my engineering in 2013. This project was completed in six months and under the leadership of Prof. Neha Batra Sharma who was a microcontroller lecturer. CE 1.2 BACKGROUND In this century, every person is trying to find ways in which work can be done easily and fast. There are lot of developments that have been done that are based on automation. The projectÂÂ   makes use of this concept which is cooperative for everyone. In this project, I am trying to solve the traditional parking system which is noisy, trouble for users and has risk of accidents. For these problems and to reduce human efforts I have introduced an automation based multi-level parking system which utilizes minimum space possible and many cars can be parked making it time saving and risk free. Parking will be done in that same amount of place grated by the government but many cars can be accommodated. Here the driver of the car will just park the car at the entry point and then rest of the parking work will be done by this new system itself without the help of any valet driver. CE 1.3 The issue in every industry, building or office is of parking. Lot of space is needed to park a car. In traditional parking systems, man power i.e. drivers are required and as number of cars are increasing drastically in the market it creates a hazard for each driver who is on the road. If appropriate car parking is done then more cars can be parked. Also, there should be proper space that is need to be maintained between two car lens so a person taking his car out doesnt face any problem along with no wastage of space is done. The aim and objective behind this project is to lessen human efforts to park a car. In this system, I have made use of automation which is done by Arduino controller. This system will help to minimize the car parking area especially in areas where there is less space for parking. The automated car parking system will enable vehicles to be parked at each floor by floor and in limited amount of space, many vehicles can be parked. It is the modernized system of parking cars. CE 1.4 I had made a project strategy to plan the work I needed to perform along with the duration it would require by considering the level of complications and important areas of work. I started by putting the first thing in my plan as, to discuss the idea about project and do some research which was followed by designing of the model and studying Arduino controller. Which further involved implementation of the model and studying various programming techniques useful for this controller. It followed by final interfacing of components like servo motor, keypad etc. to complete the hardware and software part. I had also performed test run and troubleshoot on the system and made a detail project report. At every step, I kept my internal project guide involved and updated with my progress. CE 1.5 PERSONAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITY After finalizing the title for my project, I started doing reviews on current scenarios in car parking and noted down all the difficulties and started to find solutions on it. There after I started to discover strategies on how to follow and go ahead with this solution. I divided the project implantation process in 2 portions: cark parking process and car taking process. And I developed a block diagram for the hardware which can be seen below. CE 1.6 Automation is basically the use of control system that will reduce the work or effort done by human in performing any task of goods and services. It basically eases it. in space of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Mechanization mostly provides human with machinery that will operate to assist them with any physical or muscular exertion requirement. Whereas automation significantly decreases the need for human physical and mental requirements. It plays an important role in the world now. Generally automated parking is a method of parking and retrieving cars automatically by using a system of pallets and lifts. It is a time saving and space saving method and it can be used for underground or leveled parking system. It enhances the safety and comfort of driver in constrained environment that requires experience and attention to steer the car. CE 1.7 I made use of following hardware components after performing studies on them. 1. Arduino controller is a tool used so that the system can sense and control the number of inputs and outputs. It is simply a microcontroller board on which programs can be coded. 2. L293 Motor drive IC a monolithic integrated high voltage device which is used as heat sink and to drive inductive loads and switching power transistors. 3. DC Motor used bidirectional DC motor that will rotate in both direction and generate torque directly and speed of 10rpm. 4. Servo motor used for precision positioning and are equipped with servo mechanism to control angular positions. 5. Keypad use of keypad is done to get inputs from the user to the system. User inputs car details and will input the parking spot for that car where it can be parked. CE 1.8 The internal circuitry working of this system can be described as when the power supply is given to the controller, it asks for input from the user. User enters the input via keyboard which then goes to Arduino microcontroller. Motor drive IC which is connected to the main motor receives data from the controller that is given by the user.ÂÂ   The controller will work as directed by the input and pass it to device IC accordingly and thus the motor will rotate. Thus, after car gets parked in the desired area, the key is pressed for that slot and it sends a 0 signal to the controller along with other necessary information of the car. The same procedure repeats for various other cars. The software part was coded based on C/C++ programming language. Though it seemed to be a simple code, it took lot of efforts in completion. I divided the whole code into parts and tried to code each segment separately and check its functionality and then combine it together so that it acts as one and performs in the desired fashion. I also took help from experts from the field of coding to achieve the desired result in my project. CE 1.9 The parking of the car process of my project: The limit switch tracks for any empty available parking spots so when the user inputs the details for parking, the loop continues to flow until it finds a slot for parking. When a slot is found, it will ask the user to input details and select from available slot. This input goes to the controller. The controller triggers the appropriate pin to give a vertical movement to the lift until floor detection key is pressed. After reaching the desired floor, the second motor is rotated to get to the desired area of parking. The servo motor rotates the lift outside and vertical motor moves downwards till it is parked in the slot. Once car is parked, the lift positions itself to the original position at the entry level. Picking the car from Parking process: When a user wants to take out his car from parking, it enters the details and the loop flows until he enters the slot number of the car parked. The slot number acts as an input for the controller and the same procedure is repeated until the car is taken out. The lift then levels itself to the entry level. CE 1.10 While performing this project, there were many hurdles in between. The first hurdle was construction of its hardware, as it requires lots of component and it structure was very heavy and bulky. And the controller was a new one for me so it took a while to understand its details and the way it functions. The other problem was with the software as I was not so proficient in making such complex codes. I took help from my seniors and project guide and they helped me overcome this hurdle. CE 1.11 SUMMARY Based on practical and theoretical knowledge in my field of electronics I prepared a working model that performs the required functionality. Various possible different solutions and options were taken into consideration and had been studied. And thus, after technical comparative study based on its merit and demerits I performed this system. The whole control of the system is done on Arduino controller board and its the main driving unit of the system. There is a lot of scope for expansion to this system by adding sensors and LCD display showing all parking spots and details. Overall this project helped me learn new things and it being my first every project in my own field of study, was a new experience. It helped me grow a lot in technical terms as well as at personal level.

Stalins Reform Of Russia :: essays research papers

Every Day Stalinism, by Sheila Fitzpatrick gives the real accounts of life under the control of Joseph Stalin. Fitzpatrick states her claim as to how Stalin remained in power for over twenty-five years by using methods of oppression and by implementing modernity. One of the main reasons that Stalin stayed in power was by implementing modernity into a society that had previously been stuck in a traditionalized environment. Fitzpatrick describes how Stalin changed peoples lives in the Soviet Union by advancing there means of production to bring them up to speed with the rest of the western world. Stalin's production of more factories led to the increase in the work force. Along with the increase in size, the work force became more diversified with the addition of women. These improvements however had some setbacks. One being problems in family life, this can be accredited to the implementation of women in the work force. Modernization made Russian women no longer subordinate to men. They were now able to obtain jobs, which made them absent from the household. This surge in the number of factories and jobs offered led to "ten million women entering the labor market."(Fitzpatrick 139) The bond between child and mother was broken as women were not raising their children and began seeing "the upbringing of children as a community rather then family responsibility." (Fitzpatrick 156) This new mentality would never have come about if women were not placed in the work force. Women went from traditionalized lifestyles to believing that "they should have careers" because raising a family was only for the "bourgeois." (Fitzpatrick 156-160) Conflicts with men arose quite rapidly as women were now not only in the work force, but being promoted as well. (Fitzpatrick 161) These conflicts could have been the cause for the divorce rate to increase during this time. The families that were in tact were forced to live in cramped quarters. Thanks to modernization these single room apartments had bathrooms and kitchens, which Stalin would argue, made "life more cheerful.

Criminal Justice/Corrections Essay

Imprisonment is one of the many forms of punishment for commission of crimes in the United States. The length of time of imprisonment depends on the seriousness of the crime committed. The most serious crime of murder and homicide is punishable by life imprisonment and the felon will be confined in federal prisons. Those convicted with less serious crimes like misdemeanor offenses will be sentenced to shorter time in local or county jail or with sanctions in community corrections or halfway house. Overcrowding in jails and prisons has been a common sight in most of the correctional institutions in the United States. The nicnic. org. (2001) through a report from the GRACE Project of Volunteers of America revealed that â€Å"while 500,000 persons are admitted and released from state and federal prisons annually, twenty times that amount – over eleven million are admitted and released from jails annually†. This goes to show that at any given time of the year, the United States is maintaining and or feeding 10. 5 million inmates. The organization further revealed that jail populations grew at a lower rate of 275% since 1980 while the federal prison population increased by 427% in the same period. This unprecedented growth in inmate population is not expected and causing big budget deficit from the state level up to the federal level of government. In as much as the inmate population continue rising and only a small number over the years has left federal prisons due to completion of their imprisonment as punishment for their crimes, a big number of aging offenders which require higher spending due to their geriatric- related ailments complicated the problem. This paper aims to document the extent of the aging offenders population across the U. S. the reasons for the increase and the roblems associated with it. Furthermore, this paper will also offer solutions to the problems based from the documented causes and experiences of the different states in dealing with the problems. A number of states in the U. S. expressed alarm over the inescapable fact that in their effort to rid society of undesirable and lawless elements, their jails and prisons became jam-packed. Feeding and housing these inmates especially the aging offenders cost them a lot more, sacrificing their budget for education. The affected states realize the generally accepted fact that education should be more financially supported than prisoners as this is the proven most effective way to raise a new generation of responsible and law abiding citizens. West Virginia reported that prison population in this state exceeded the national average owing to its 9. 3% incarceration which is the highest among the U. S. states. The non-profit organization further reported that between 1994 and 2004, the inmate population in West Virginia increased from 2,392 to 5,032 or 110% increase. Thegrassrootleadership. org (n. d. reported that the state projected that by 2012, the inmate population will increase by 35% over that of 2004 level or a total of 6,774 inmates to feed and maintain. Although the increasing population of aging inmates is not mentioned, common sense will tell that the population is included since most of the aging population is sentenced to anguish in prisons for life. The state government in order to cope up with the unprecedented increase, spent $100 million to build new prisons. The organization further reported that in the last 10 years, the Division of Corrections of West Virginia tripled its expenditure. To this effect, the state has increased spending for inmates five times the amount for higher education and other social services. In absolute figures, according to grassrootleadership. org, the state of West Virginia appropriated $6,435 per full time college student and $19, 377 per person incarcerated by DOC. Inflation adjusted, the amount per college student is 33% higher than in 1994 while the amount per inmate increased 169% or five times the amount per student The grassrootleadership. g reported that West Virginia government consider the very strict policy of the state regarding sentencing and parole as the cause of this urge in inmate population. To minimize this effect, the state consider â€Å"Implementing a cap on the number of people incarcerated [†¦.. ], along with re-examining sentencing and parole policies in the state that can lead to an end of the soaring number of incarcerations. A thorough re- examination of the recent parole policy of the state is in order† (grassrootleadership. rg, n. d. conclusion, 2nd par. ). In addition to this strategy, the Day Report Center alternative which set aside incarceration for misdemeanor crimes in favor of community service, home incarceration nd boards created for reparation is also put in place. A saving of about $ 42-63 million per year can be realized from seven centers based from the Lee Day Report Center cost experience of $14. 00 per day per inmate. The state of Florida recognized the increasing number of aging offenders in their prisons. The Florida Correction Commission (n. d. eported that in 2000, The Florida Legislature instructed and required the Department of Corrections to establish and operate a facility for elderly inmates at the River Junction Correctional Institution in Chattahoochee. The Florida Correction Commission (FCC) further reported that the Florida Legislature required the Correctional Medical Authority (MDA) and the FCC to submit an annual report on the medical health status of aging offenders in the state administered and private institutions together with an examination of geriatric policies being implemented in other states. The FCC revealed that the cost of maintaining an elderly prisoner is three times the cost for a younger inmate. The reason for this is the geriatric problems associated with aging specially in a confined environment where depression always linger. The FCC further revealed that age 50 should be the starting point for elderly inmate definition. The FCC reported further that per their observation, there were three basic groups of older inmates, the first time offenders, the habitual or career criminals and those that has grown old in prison waiting for the end of their sentenced imprisonment. According to FCC, inmates 55 years and older on the average were suffering from three chronic health problems that require specialized and expensive treatment as in the case of about 15 to 25% of heir elderly inmates having mental health problems. For this reason, the aging inmates contributed greatly to their huge medical expenses. In the year 2000, the FCC reported that there were 5,082 aging offenders which represent 54. 9% increase from 1995 level. In June 2000 out of a total of 71,233 inmates, the number of 50 year and above offenders increased to 5,605. It is projected that by 2010, the Florida elderly inmates will swell to 8. % of the total inmates. The FCC further revealed from their survey that 62. 8% of the elderly inmates were prisoned due to violent offenses and therefore require longer imprisonment. The state of Florida recognizes the significance of the third type of aging patients or those who grew old in prison in addition to national and state laws requiring longer prison sentences as the contributing factor to rise of their aging offender population. The FCC reported that at present, no geriatric facility except for River Junction Correctional Institution in Chattahoochee is devoted to the aging offender population. The state government plans to segregate the older population according to geriatric health needs and the security level needed so that the number of ail guards can be adjusted especially in minimum security segregated group for economic reasons. The FCC further reported that the Florida Department of Elder Affairs develop a course on elderly abuse, neglect and exploitation to produce certified individuals to carry out preventive medical intervention so that elderly diseases will not become acute and more costly to cure. Studies were also being undertaken to release elderly inmates who does not pose danger to society anymore due to their frail stature. Lastly, the Florida state is conducting survey as to the ost they will incur and the economic benefits if their preemptive programs will be implemented. The state of Georgia is also not exempt in aging offender problem. The Associated Press (2000) revealed that in 1979, there were about 570 convicts aged 50 and up, increased to 3,050 in June 1999 and 5,000 in 2004. The Georgia prison officials estimated that the elderly inmates could swell to 9,000 by 2010. The Associated Press further reported that like in other states, the cost of maintaining the elderly offenders is becoming more and more costly. The newspaper revealed that healthcare cost for average Georgia prisoner now amounts to $8. 25 a day. For an elderly offender 50 years old and above, the cost is $27. 00 a day or about $10,000 a year. The newspaper continue saying that the elderly offenders in Georgia prisons represents about 6% of the whole inmate population but the expense in maintaining them amounts to 12% of the annual health care budget for inmates. This so because the elderly inmates require costly and more specialized health care practices owing to their special geriatric problems. Georgia prison fficials revealed that longer prison sentences, tighter parole approvals and the inevitable aging of those prisoners waiting for the completion of their terms contributed to the swelling population of aging offenders. In addition, the â€Å"The two Strikes and You’re Out† law (Associated Press, Elderly Inmates Swell, 13th par. enacted by Georgia in 1994 which punishes a felon who commit crime of armed robbery, aggravated child molestation and sodomy, aggravated sexual battery, rape and kidnapping to a mandatory 10 year sentence without parole. The newspaper added that a second violation of any of the six felonies or murder, the felon gets a andatory life sentence without parole. All of these resulted to stacking effect of offenders in jails until the whole population get grayer and larger and more costly to handle. Associated Press further reported that John Kerbs, a researcher on criminal justice from University of Michigan suggested selective decarceration to ease the problem of swelling aging offenders’ population in Georgia prison system. This includes more often officials’ parole review of elderly inmates , electronic monitoring of graying offenders in release programs that is closely supervised and edical paroles for chronic and terminally ill inmates. Based from available studies, the states of Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, North Carolina, New York, Oklahoma, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Texas share the same problem on aging offenders as the states we have discussed. However, not all states in the U. S. look at aging offenders with compassion and understanding. One such state is California. Times staff writer, Warren, J (2002) reported that the California Department of Corrections is well aware of the aging prison population. The state according to the writer is well aware of the fact that the cost of maintaining aging offender is thrice the cost of that of the younger inmates. Longer sentences and substantial decline in paroles were considered as the cause of the rise in number of aging inmates. The Times staff writer further stated that the state in this times of economic belt tightening faces a $24 billion deficit mainly because of the health care expenses of the graying inmate population. Despite this, the state of California is hesitant to implement cost cutting strategies unlike the other U. S. states. The felons, young and old are mixed in cells. Although the idea of segregation based on age, health status and security needed is being considered, that never got off the ground due to the fact that the Correction and state officials are against it. A typical day in the life of an aging offender is a struggle against extortion, insult, bullying and disrespect from the stronger and younger inmates. The correction officials claim that segregation require additional upfront cost in terms of new buildings and prison facilities and this have no room in a state with huge budget deficit. The prison officials laim that offenders did crimes to society and so they have to suffer the consequences in prison. The staff writer said that nobody in the state legislature is bent to be soft in treating offenders. They even passed a law called â€Å"Three strike and you’re out† law to address the problem of the habitual offenders. This law sentences a felon to life imprisonment with no parole provision on the third crime conviction regardless of the nature of the wrong doing. The writer revealed that the population of inmate in California federal prison as of 2002 is about 4% of the total inmates f 5,800 men and women. According to the writer California reported an expenditure of $676 million on medical care of inmates but decline how much is for the elderly. The author further stated that California prison officials conceded the fact that the elderly require a 24 hour hospice care, high cost cardiac care, costly organ transplants, expensive cancer treatment and closely supervised treatment for dementia. On the national perspective, the U. S. Bureau of Prisons total inmate health care expenditures from 1990 to 1999 amounted to $2. 7 billion (U. S. General Accounting Office, 000). The GAO office also recognizes the fact that aging inmate population contributed greatly to this expenditure. The BOP also consider the changes in sentencing laws like mandatory minimum sentencing and the habitual criminality conviction as contributory to graying of the federal prisons. To economize on health care expenditures with emphasis to aging offenders’ health care, the GAO consider several options. The GAO encourage the states’ prison officials to obtain discounts through bulk purchases of states’ prison system needs and privatizing health care services in some states. This will involve appointing specialized private hospitals as alternative to government run health care services in cases of mounting geriatric health care problems patterned after the â€Å"Medicare- based cap on payments† ( GAO 2000, Summary, 3rd par). This according to GAO will save the government about $6 million annually. The GAO also proposed payment of $2. 00 per request visit over the usual round of doctors. This co-payment scheme is aimed to reduce unnecessary medical visit requests by the inmate disrupting the busy doctors. The co-payment scheme will generate revenue of about $1 million annually. It has been documented that the most compelling problem of aging offenders is the inability of some states to deliver the needed medical care for their ailment. The Bureau of Prisons admitted that a number of states is not ready to tackle the rising population of elderly offenders in their prison system resulting to huge budget deficits. This is due to the fact that it cost three times higher to maintain elderly offender than a younger one and five times higher than the expense of a college student. The geriatric ailments are more expensive to cure. To check the inevitable increase of aging offenders’ number in the prison system, a systematic approach should be done. The sentencing and parole system should be soft in dealing with the elderly inmates. The prison should start with the segregation of the elderly based from the state of their health and their physical ability and capacity to do crimes to society. The terminally ill, frail and weak should be given medical parole and let them join the main stream of society. They have suffered a lot of physical and mental punishment in jail in exchange for the crime they have committed. Those who are still strong but behaving well in prisons should be given parole but will be required to report to Day Report Centers to determine the progress of their assimilation to the mainstream of society. Those having mental problems should be confined to hospice care centers under minimum security. The sickly but still able bodied should be separated from the rest and should pay $2 per requested doctor visit over the normal doctors’ daily round. The able bodied and wild ones should be housed separately and placed under strict security until they mellow down and complete their imprisonment sentence. The â€Å"two and three strikes and you’re out† law will take care of habitual offenders. Other cost control strategies proposed by GAO can be considered seriously by the states now that the aging offender problems were given full attention to further realize cost savings.. The recommendations are based on the philosophy of win- win strategy in decision making. Considering them will rid federal prisons of unnecessary huge expenses, give freedom to deserving aged inmates and let the states use the savings for education of the youth to produce a new generation of able- bodied and law-abiding citizens.

Find a Great Astronomy Gift Idea

Find a Great Astronomy Gift Idea Astronomy gifts are some of the coolest ones around. There is a universe of ideas, ranging from books and gear to clothing and apps. Here are some suggestions for cosmic gift-giving any time of year. Astronomy Books Reading about astronomy is a great pleasure, whether its the latest news in a magazine or a book on a specific topic. There are amazing books on astronomy for all levels, from beginner and up. The article  Astronomy Books for All Ages offers find some good reads. The best reads allow someone to curl up and explore on a cloudy night and still learn something new about the cosmos. Good astronomy books help explorers of all ages learn about the sky and whats in it. Teresa Short/Getty Images Readers can learn about observational astronomy, with books that offer tips on the best ways to skygaze and photograph the stars. Or, for those who want to dig into the science behind the stars and galaxies, there are many books that explain in approachable language. Other works highlight the lives of famous astronomers, giving a good historical context for the work todays observers are doing. Some books are available in hard copy or electronic format, so you can choose the best way to deliver the cosmos to your intended giftee. Also, consider the two best magazines around:  Astronomy Magazine  at Astronomy.com (a great subscription for every level of an observer), and  SkyTelescope.com, which offers products for both beginners and experienced observers.  Ã‚   Astronomy Apps Nearly everybody has access to a smartphone or phablet to a laptop and desktop computer, which opens up a raft of ideas for gifts. There are astronomy programs and apps for all the different devices, ranging in price from free to several hundred dollars. Also explore some of the best-known products, ranging from Stellarium and Cartes du Ciel (which are free) to apps that cost a few dollars, such as StarMap2, and others.  Apps have a great advantage because they are available on a smart device at the push of a tab. Online Astronomy Courses Astronomy courses via the Web are another good way to learn the subject. Users can go at their own speed, and in many cases, theyre learning from some of the top astronomers in the field. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, for example, has made many of its courses available for anyone to use. Its Hands-On Astronomy course gives users a chance to learn from the best, at their own speed! NASA also has a series of podcasts that lets people explore Mars as Curiosity Rover does, one landscape at a time. There are many other delightful offerings online at the drop of a Google search for the term online astronomy courses. Telescopes Sooner or later, even the most patient star hoppers decide to magnify their view of the sky. Thats when they start thinking about telescopes. Its also when some serious money starts getting spent. If someone is ready for a telescope, its important to know what they want to observe. A telescope for planet-gazing might not be the same one theyd use for deep-sky objects. Or if telescope-buying is out of the question, consider getting a pair of binoculars first. Theyre like having a telescope for each eye, and people can also use them during the day for birdwatching and other activities. Also, look into  other good ideas about  cost-effective ways to indulge a love of skywatching. Every stargazer discovers what she or he needs to enjoy the sky. Take it easy and all good things will eventually come to you. Halfblue/Wikimedia Commons Share and Share Alike license. Stargazing Gear Stargazing exposes observers to cooler weather, no matter where they live. Even in warmer climates, evenings and early mornings can be cool and damp. So, its always good to have a sweater or jacket or raincoat handy. There isnt a stargazer alive who doesnt appreciate a sweater, jacket, or raincoat. Hats, gloves, and windbreaker, are also useful. Chemical hand warmer packs are a great stocking stuffer, along with a few energy bars to munch on during those long all-nighters. Star Party and Planetarium Visits Offering a trip to a star party is also a great gift for a friend or family member. Check out the local planetarium for a fascinating star show. Also, see if the local college or university offers public lectures in astronomy. These are all ways to give the gift of the cosmos!

AP history Industrial revolution essays

AP history Industrial revolution essays As the United States recovered from the Civil War and problems with segregation were being resolved the United States went through a major revolution in the industrial sector. Between 1860 and 1900 the United States went from being one of the slowest countries in industrial growth to one of the largest industrial giants. The production of coal grew 2000 percent and the production of steel grew 5000 percent. The leadership of the country, the immigration of people, the increase in miles of railroad, and the augment of populace in the urban areas promoted the industrial development and caused the United States to rumble with industrial expansion. The Republican Party controlled the presidency for six strait terms and well as eight of the ten terms between 1860 and 1900 (Doc. 4). The Republican Party believed in adjusting the tariff, tax on imports, to support the internal industries so that the citizens of the Untied States would prefer to purchase the products of the internal industries Doc. 3). The Republicans also supported improvements to the rivers and harbors. These features allowed the industrialism to swell by promoting their goals. The Republicans support of the industrial revolution and the projects that they allowed the companies to help with began a boom that couldnt be stopped. The growth in immigration aided the industrial revolution in a magnificent way as well. The immigrants were willing to do the manual labor on the railroads so that the native citizens could work the industrial, higher paying jobs in the urban areas. Document 4 shows the large increase in the Immigration to the United States, and Document 2 shows the miles of railroad track that was added each decade, this very similar growth pattern shows that the immigrants played a large part in the ability for the Republican party to reach its goal of having a railroad to the Pacific Ocean. The increase of railroad enabled the Un...

Ensuring Social Responsibility in Entreoreneurial Ventures Essay

Ensuring Social Responsibility in Entreoreneurial Ventures - Essay Example In fact, lately, the corporate world has been under so much pressure, criticism and scrutiny that being socially responsible, at least on paper, has become vital for the survival of almost all large and medium sized corporations. On the other hand, entrepreneurs who start a new company are less likely to have role models, well-defined principles, historical stories, and other such elements, which could help them, determine the ethical courses of action (Steyaert & Hjorth, 2004). It would be a huge mistake for the entrepreneur to assume that his or her social responsibility only is to maximize his or her own profits to the utmost level as dictated by Milton Freidman, Adam Smith and others. By focusing on the business, the entrepreneur would be able to produce more and sell more thus stimulating the local economy (Ziegler, 2011). The basic concepts of economics dictate that this will gradually increase the employment opportunities and any excess cash in the hands of the entrepreneur or its employees would be used for investment thus creating an upwards spiral of growth (Steyaert & Hjorth, 2006). ... The entire premise of entrepreneurial ventures is because entrepreneurs always find their window of opportunity when they fell that some stakeholder of the existing company is being exploited by the existing businesses (London & Morfopoulos, 2009; Ziegler, 2011). Therefore, the entrepreneur would decide to fill in gap to provide value and relief to those stakeholders and would make that particular aspect the competitive advantage of the business. The point here is that by having an unethical conduct or exploitation by the entrepreneur of any of the stakeholders of the business, whether its investors, suppliers, customers, distributors or others, the entrepreneur himself or herself will open up an opportunity for other risk takers to step up and fill that gap (Davidsson, 2005). For example, if an entrepreneur’s production and packaging of the product were harmful to the environment then it would be exploitation of the customers and the society. A bold risk taker who witnesses t he same will see this as on opportunity and jump in the business with the logo and mission of being more environmentally responsible and green (Steyaert & Hjorth, 2004). Obviously, he would charge a little premium for the same and take away all the customers, which are concerned with the environment thus putting a serious dent on the business of the first entrepreneur. Therefore, the point here is that any attempt towards being socially irresponsible or of the exploitation of the stakeholders will appear as an opportunity for other entrepreneurs who would quickly jump in and fill in the gap (Nicholls, 2006). As mentioned earlier that entrepreneurs usually operate under great stress and

Open Table - Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Open Table - - Case Study Example Another reason is that the closest competitors such as MenuPages.com are limited in their services in that though they offer access to restaurant menus and reviews, the visitors to their site cannot make reservations and MenuPages site covers only eight U.S cities. OpenTable has also partnered with onetime competitor Urbanspoon, enabling it to acquire Urbanspoon’s reservation management system, Rezbook, thus becoming Urbanspoon’s reservation provider. Apart from that OpenTable is committed to shrewd technological investments such as mobile Web site, mobile applications that work on just about every Smartphone platform. It has introduced an iPad app that fully integrates with the ERB software and GPS enables mobile uses to locate and make reservations at nearby venues. A new addition has also enabled users to pay for meals with a credit card directly from its apps. 2. The following characteristics of restaurant market make it difficult for a reservation system to work; Foremost restaurant booking systems require a fully secure reservation and cancellation functionalities that should come with confirmation of e-mail. This particular feature is real time and ensures that you are keeping abreast with developments as they take place real time.Secondly,some user interface are difficult to use for the online visitors, making them to be not user friendly to any potential customer who may want to use them.Thirdly,the fact that while in the market of restaurant reservation system online, you require a system that is web based as compared to the one that is installed or rather upgraded on a physical machine makes it difficult for a reservation system to work. 3. OpenTable’s market is susceptible to network effects which means that the more people use it, the more utility the system delivers, which made OpenTable’s growth to continually provide diners with expanded choices. More diners have thus

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National Space Centre - Essay Example Marketing entails the executive process of discovering and predicting customers’ needs in an attempt to satiate them, and thereby make profits from this undertaking. Furthermore, wise investors must know the exact consumer requirements, and device marketing stratagem that will satisfy them, while being able to overcome their opponents. The entrepreneurs must also apply the seven P’s available in the marketing mix. When properly implemented, these aspects give an entrepreneur an upper hand over their competitors. Conversely, while planning for any business experience, one must ensure that he or she employs all aspects of the 7Ps. It is apparent that leaders neglect some of their clients’ needs when they make vital business decisions concerning marketing. This is detrimental, since the clients’ needs are the real reason for any business undertaking. This document will look into this, and mull over pricing, another key aspect in marketing. Introduction Market ing is a crucial aspect in any business organization’s survival. ... are conversant with their clients’ requirements and see to it that it is economically viable to provide these products (and services) to the market. Besides, products can be either commodities or services provided in the market. The competitive nature of the markets today prompts entrepreneurs to employ the seven P’s in their marketing campaign. As a result, this manuscript will consider two of the seven P’s of marketing (price and people), and their influence on the success of National Space Centre in the Science Fiction field. In this manuscript, products will vastly depict services. People as an aspect of Marketing Mix Originally, the business people of the mid 1900s came up with 4P’s that tried to illustrate the business market situation in relation to competition. These included the Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. However, as business expanded with the incorporation of technology, 3 more P’s had to be in operation. These included Physical Evidence, People and Process (Balram & Ghuman 2007, p. 80). Business entailed sale of products and services. During trade, it was evident that the 4Ps benefitted the traders of products more than it did to those in the service business line. Besides, contemporary traders may apply more P’s than the current 7 in determining their market mix. However, this document will only reflect on two P’s, which are Price and People (the clients of the space centre will represent the people). The Leicester’s National Space Centre is about to hold an event. This will commemorate the success of its recent film that entails the experience of astronomers in space and their life in space. Their work has been triumphant because of careful application of the seven P’s crucial in the current, competitive environment. For

Theatre †HL “Habit” †David Mamet Wordcount Essay Example for Free

Theatre – HL â€Å"Habit† – David Mamet Wordcount Essay In this excerpt of his book â€Å"True and False: Heresy and Common Sense for the Actor† David Mamet is discussing the importance of habitual behavior in relation to success in theatre and our daily lives. In my opinion, he does this in a very mechanical kind of way, matching certain places (e.g. â€Å"rehearsal†, â€Å"home† and â€Å"the stage†) with certain activities (e.g. â€Å"work†, â€Å"reflection† and â€Å"action†). This might work as a technique of creating places of concentration and inspiration for some people, but will definitely not work for everyone; therefore Mamet shouldn’t be stating it as a generally applicable formula for successful acting and theatre. Another deficiency of his theory is that he solely takes into account the technical part of theatre, giving immense importance to qualities such as bounteous punctuality and knowing your lines by heart. I do believe in the importance of these practices, seeing as they support the development of meaningful theatre, but by no means are they responsible for its creation. Being on time and knowing your lines will create space and time for you to settle in, calm down, concentrate and forget the troubles of your private life. Being structured and organized will enable you to be genuine and emotional on stage. These character traits create room for the truly important aspects of theatre and thereby characterize a responsible actor. It will simplify and facilitate the procedure of rehearsal, saving time and making the process more efficient. However, an individual that has no talent and passion for acting, won’t develop into a ‘good’ actor merely by being early for rehearsal and knowing all of his lines perfectly. The reason why these traits are relevant to me is because they emphasize the role of an actor not only as an individual but also as a member of an ensemble. Knowing your lines and being on time demonstrates professionalism and respect towards your colleagues. Mamet mentions the importance of habits that are more spiritual though as well, such as cultivating a â€Å"love of skill† or â€Å"the habit of mutuality† or â€Å"the habit of truth† in one self. Depending on your definition of theatre, cultivating these habits can affect your theatre positively. This applies when your goal of producing theatre is to improve conditions in the world in a greater sense and wanting your audience to leave your production with a positive feeling or determination to change/improve conditions they live in. Another thing Mamet discusses in this excerpt is the role of an actor to society, his true occupation being that of a philosopher and his task being telling the truth – even in â€Å"the moment when the audience would rather not hear it†. This supports my view of theatre, which is that theatre should be having an educating and awakening effect on its audience – on society.